Beginning in the late nineteenth century, the appeal of nationalism grew stronger, despite the expectation of both the liberals and the Marxists to see nationalism wane as industrialization and increasing class consciousness gathered pace. Researchers and scholars have tried to understand this phenomenon in all its aspects, and explain how the growth defied so many obstacles in its way. Although the literature of nationalism is vast, there are not many theoretical works on the subject, prompting a recent critic to describe the existing literature in the area as "the underdeveloped theory of nationalism." Noted authorities from Carlton Hayes to Hans Kohn to Boyed C. Shafer to Anthony D. Smith have written extensively on the historical origin, varieties and spread of nationalism. Many others have written on the manifestations of nationalism in many countries and regions of the world. Yet the understanding of the complex phenomenon of nationalism remains unsatisfactory and often confusing. An important student of nationalism, Elie Kedouri thought that nationalism was a European phenomenon.' The turbulent and dramatic developments in the Third World countries in the twentieth century have unmistakably proved that nationalist sentiment is almost universally associated with intense loyalty to a community in an effort to form or protect a state. The